tolltoʊl
toll (v)
- present
- tolls
- past
- tolled
- past participle
- tolled
- present participle
- tolling
toll (n)
toll
English Definitions:
toll (noun)
a fee levied for the use of roads or bridges (used for maintenance)
price, cost, toll (noun)
value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something
"the cost in human life was enormous"; "the price of success is hard work"; "what price glory?"
bell, toll (verb)
the sound of a bell being struck
"saved by the bell"; "she heard the distant toll of church bells"
toll (verb)
ring slowly
"For whom the bell tolls"
toll (verb)
charge a fee for using
"Toll the bridges into New York City"
Toll
The Toll genes encode members of the Toll-like receptor class of proteins. "Toll" is German for "amazing" or "great". Mutants in the Toll gene were originally identified by 1995 Nobel Laureates Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus and colleagues in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster in 1985, and cloned by the laboratory of Kathryn Anderson in 1988. Since then, eleven mammalian Toll genes have been identified. In flies, Toll was first identified as a gene important in embryogenesis in establishing the dorsal-ventral axis. In 1996, Toll was found to have a role in the fly's immunity to fungal infections. Both mammalian and invertebrate Toll genes are required for innate immunity. Toll-like receptors in mammals were identified in 1997 at Yale University by Ruslan Medzhitov and Charles Janeway. Concurrently, Two seperate studies, lead by Shizuo Akira, Bruce A. Beutler and their respective colleagues discovered that the Toll-like receptors act as the principal sensors of infection in mammals. The name of the gene family derives from Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard's 1985 exclamation, "Das ist ja toll!" The exclamation, which translates as "That's amazing!" was in reference to the underdeveloped ventral portion of a fruit fly larva.
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"toll." Kamus.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2024. Web. 19 Apr. 2024. <https://www.kamus.net/english/toll>.
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