homologyhəˈmɒl ə dʒi, hoʊ-
English Definitions:
homology (noun)
the quality of being similar or corresponding in position or value or structure or function
homology (Noun)
A homologous relationship.
homology (Noun)
A correspondence of structures in two life forms with a common evolutionary origin, such as flippers and hands.
homology (Noun)
The relationship between the elements in the same group of the periodic table, or between organic compounds in a homologous series.
homology (Noun)
A theory associating a system of quotient groups to each topological space.
homology (Noun)
A system of quotient groups associated to a topological space.
homology (Noun)
The presence of the same series of bases in related genes.
Homology
The concept of homology is fundamental to the field of comparative biology. In 1843, Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function". Homology is evaluated strictly in an evolutionary context. That is, organs in two species are homologous only if the same structure was present in their last common ancestor. Organs as disparate as a bat's wing, a seal's flipper, a cat's limb and a human arm have a common underlying anatomy which was present in their last common ancestor and so therefore are homologous as forelimbs. Homologous traits of organisms are therefore due to descent from a common ancestor. The opposite of homologous organs are analogous organs which do similar jobs in two taxa that were not present in the last common ancestor but rather evolved separately. An example of an analogous trait would be the wings of bats and birds, which evolved independently in each lineage separately after diverging from an ancestor without wings. It is important to distinguish between different hierarchical levels of homology in order to make informative biological comparisons. In the above example, the bird and bat wings are analogous as wings, but homologous as forelimbs because the organ served as a forearm in the last common ancestor of tetrapods. Homology can also be described at the level of the gene. In genetics homology can refer to both the gene and the corresponding protein product.
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"homology." Kamus.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2024. Web. 20 Apr. 2024. <https://www.kamus.net/english/homology>.
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